Hypertension 1, 2, 3 And 4 Degrees - Symptoms, Complications, Development Risks And Treatment

2024 Author: Josephine Shorter | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 21:43

Hypertension 1, 2, 3 and 4 degrees

Content:

• Risks of developing hypertension
• Hypertension 1 degree
• Hypertension 2 degrees
• Hypertension 3 degrees
• Hypertension grade 4

A person is alive as long as his heart beats. The heart "pump" provides blood circulation in the vessels. In this regard, there is such a thing as blood pressure. Abbreviated - HELL. Any deviation from normal blood pressure values is deadly.

Risks of developing hypertension

The risk of developing hypertension or arterial hypertension - high blood pressure - is a combination of a number of factors. Accordingly, the more there are, the greater the likelihood that a person will become hypertensive.

Risk factors for the development of hypertension:

• hereditary predisposition. The risk of getting sick is higher among those who have hypertension among relatives of the first degree: father, mother, grandmothers, grandfathers, brothers or sisters. The more close relatives suffer from high blood pressure, the greater the risk;
• male;



• age over 35;
• pregnancy;
• stress (stress hypertension) and mental strain. The stress hormone adrenaline increases the heart rate. It instantly constricts blood vessels;
• taking certain medications, for example, oral contraceptives, and various dietary supplements - biologically active additives (iatrogenic hypertension);
• bad habits: smoking or alcohol abuse. Components of tobacco provoke spasms of blood vessels - involuntary contractions of their walls. This narrows the lumen of the blood flow;
• atherosclerosis - a blockage of blood vessels with plaque. Total cholesterol should not exceed 6.5 mmol / L of blood;
• diabetes;
• diseases of the hypothalamus;
• pyelonephritis;
• renal failure (nephrogenic hypertension);
• endocrinopathy of the adrenal gland, thyroid gland or pituitary gland;
• excess salt in food. Table salt provokes arterial spasm and retains fluid in the body;
• inactivity. Physical inactivity is accompanied by a slow metabolism - metabolism - and gradually weakens the body as a whole;
• overweight. Each extra kilogram increases blood pressure by 2 millimeters of mercury - mm Hg;
• a sharp change in the weather;
• chronic lack of sleep and other "provocateurs".

Most of the risk factors for the development of hypertension are closely related. Thus, heavy smokers in most cases develop atherosclerotic plaques, and physically passive and malnourished people quickly gain excess weight. Such combinations of factors significantly increase the risk of pathological abnormalities in the work of the heart.

Depending on the combination and degree of manifestation of the above factors, as well as the likelihood of cardiovascular complications in the next decade, 4 types of risk of arterial hypertension are distinguished:

1. low (risk less than 15%);
2. medium (15 to 20%);
3. high (more than 20%);
4. very high (over 30%).

Risk factors for the occurrence of arterial hypertension are also divided into 2 types, if possible, to eliminate them: corrected (adjustable) and not. For example, a person may well quit smoking, but he is not able to change his ancestry. The magnitude of the risk is summed up from a number of indicators. A patient with grade 1 hypertension who begins to abuse alcohol will significantly increase the percentage probability of complications.

Essential hypertension is quite treatable. Much here depends on the timely diagnosis of the disease, the patient's persistence, his readiness to radically change his lifestyle.

Select the item you need:

• Hypertension 1 degree
• Hypertension 2 degrees
• Hypertension 3 degrees
• Hypertension grade 4

Hypertension 1 degree

Arterial hypertension can be primary, i.e. develop independently, and secondary - to be a complication of another ailment. In the latter case, the treatment is carried out in a complex manner, because it is necessary not only to normalize the pressure, but also to cure the concomitant disease-cause.

The normal is considered to be a blood pressure of 120 to 80 mm Hg. This is the "ideal" value, as they say, for astronauts. 120 is the so-called upper blood pressure or systolic pressure (with maximum contraction of the walls of the heart muscle). And 80 is the lower indicator or the so-called diastolic pressure (at their maximum relaxation). Accordingly, hypertension is divided into systolic, diastolic and mixed (systolic-diastolic), depending on whether the upper or lower values exceed the threshold value.

With a narrowing of the lumen of the blood flow, the heart spends more effort to push blood into the vessels, it wears out faster, begins to work intermittently. An increase in heart rate - heart rate - negatively affects the functioning of the whole body. The air and nutrients contained in the blood do not have time to enter the cells.

Like any disease, hypertension progresses if left untreated. The appearance of the first hypertensive symptoms is preceded by a prehypertensive state - prehypertension.

The degree of its severity depends on the stage of development of the disease:

• "Soft" or light;
• moderate or borderline;
• heavy;
• very severe or isolated systolic.

Otherwise, grade 1 arterial hypertension is called a mild form of this disease. The upper BP value ranges from 140 to 159, and the lower one is 90 - 99 mm Hg. Disturbances in the work of the heart occur in leaps and bounds. The attacks usually go away without consequences. This is a preclinical form of hypertension. The periods of exacerbations alternate with the complete disappearance of the symptoms of the disease. During remission, the patient's blood pressure is normal.

The diagnosis of hypertension is simple - it is the measurement of blood pressure using a tonometer. For an accurate diagnosis, the procedure is carried out three times during the day in a calm atmosphere and in a relaxed state.

Even people at low risk of developing hypertension need to regularly check their blood pressure. One potentially dangerous factor is enough to closely monitor the work of your heart. For those who are predisposed to heart disease to a large extent, it is advisable to purchase a cardiovisor - an apparatus for taking an ECG - electrocardiogram - at home. Any ailment is easier to treat at an early stage.

Symptoms of grade 1 hypertension

Symptoms of grade 1 hypertension include:

• headache, progressing with exertion;
• dizziness up to fainting;
• aching or stabbing pains on the left side of the chest, radiating to the shoulder blade and arm;
• increased heart rate;
• sleep disturbance;
• noise in ears;
• blackheads before the eyes.

We must not forget that with a mild form of hypertension, all these symptoms appear occasionally. If, after intense physical exertion, the pulse has increased or it is difficult to fall asleep due to noisy neighbors, you should not panic and classify yourself as hypertensive.

During periods of improvement, the patient feels great. Mild hypertension has all the symptoms characteristic of heart failure. More severe degrees of the disease differ only in the persistence of symptoms and the occurrence of complications.

Complications of hypertension 1 degree

Complications include:

• microinfarctions of the brain;
• sclerosis of the kidneys - nephrosclerosis;
• hypertrophy of the heart muscle (left ventricle).

Most believe that mild arterial hypertension can be cured without consequences. But the risk of complications at grade 1 is average, i.e. about 15%. High pressure in the vessels due to the narrowing of their lumen leads to insufficient blood supply to the tissues. Lack of oxygen and nutrients leads to the death of individual cells and entire organs. Necrosis begins with local, focal lesions. Over time, if untreated, ischemic stroke is inevitable.

Disorder of blood circulation inevitably leads to metabolic disorders. This has a detrimental effect on respiration and nutrition of cells of any type. Pathological changes are inevitable, for example, sclerosis - replacement with connective tissue. In nephrosclerosis, the walls of the kidney are pathologically thickened, the organ "shrivels". In this regard, the excretory function is impaired, and urea enters the bloodstream.

If the blood vessels are narrowed, then the heart is overextended to push blood through them. This leads to abnormal enlargement of the heart muscle. Such hypertrophy is called true or working. The volume and mass of the left ventricle increase due to the thickening of its walls. This pathology is otherwise called cardiomyopathy. The heart adapts its structure to the needs of the body. The extra muscle tissue allows it to contract more. It would seem, how can this be dangerous? "Swollen" heart can squeeze adjacent vessels, and uneven muscle growth close the exit from the left ventricle. Cardiac hypertrophy sometimes leads to sudden death.

Complications of grade 1 hypertension are extremely rare. To avoid them, it is enough to minimize the risk of arterial hypertension, i.e. eliminate its prerequisites, reasons.

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Treatment of hypertension 1 degree

The doctor will first advise the patient to change their lifestyle. The patient will be advised to have restful sleep, avoidance of stress, targeted relaxation exercises, special diet, exercise, etc. If these measures are not enough, drug therapy is used.

The following medications are prescribed by the cardiologist:

• vasodilators;
• neurotransmitters;
• diuretics - diuretics;
• anti-cholesterol - statins;
• sedatives (sedatives) and other antihypertensive medications.

Medicines are selected strictly individually, because many hypertensive patients have concomitant diseases. The choice of drugs is influenced by the age of the patient and the drugs he uses.

If it is possible to stop the disease at the initial stage, to completely get rid of it, prevention should not be neglected in the future. Its principle is simple - it is to avoid all risk factors for hypertension. Thanks to a healthy lifestyle, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of even hereditary pathologies.

Hypertension 2 degrees

This is mild hypertension. The upper blood pressure is 160 - 179 mm Hg, and the lower - 100 - 109 mm Hg. At this stage of the disease, periods of increased pressure are longer. Blood pressure rarely returns to normal.

Depending on the speed of transition of hypertension from one stage to another, benign and malignant arterial hypertension are distinguished. With the second, the disease progresses so rapidly that it is often fatal. Hypertension is dangerous because an increase in the speed of blood flow through the vessels leads to a thickening of their walls and an even greater narrowing of the lumen.

Symptoms of grade 2 hypertension

Typical signs of arterial hypertension appear even with a mild form of the disease.

At the second stage, the following symptoms join them:

• chronic fatigue;
• nausea;
• a throbbing sensation in the head;
• vascular insufficiency;
• narrowing of arterioles;
• hyperemia - overflow of blood vessels, for example, redness of the skin;
• sweating;
• microalbuminuria - the presence of albumin proteins in the urine;
• swelling of the face;
• blurry vision;
• numbness and chills in the fingers;
• fundus pathology;
• hypertensive crises - sudden surges in pressure (sometimes by 59 units at once);
• the appearance or aggravation of signs of target organ damage.

Fatigue, lethargy and swelling appear because the kidneys are involved in the pathological process. A hypertensive attack may be accompanied by vomiting, upset urination and stool, shortness of breath, tears. Sometimes it lasts several hours. Complications of hypertensive crisis are myocardial infarction and pulmonary or cerebral edema.

Forms of hypertensive crisis:

• neuro-vegetative (increased heart rate, overexcitation, hand tremor, unmotivated panic, dry mouth);
• edematous (lethargy, swelling of the eyelids, inhibited consciousness);
• convulsive (convulsions, fainting).

Symptoms of the 2nd degree of hypertension are more difficult for patients. He constantly suffers from the pathological manifestations of high blood pressure. The disease at this stage recedes reluctantly and often returns.

Complications of hypertension 2 degrees

Complications of grade 2 hypertension include the following diseases:

• atherosclerosis;
• cerebral thrombosis;
• encephalopathy;
• angina pectoris or angina pectoris;
• aortic aneurysm is a pathological protrusion of its wall.

Target organs, i.e. internal organs affected by hypertension include:

• a heart;
• blood vessels;
• brain;
• eyes;
• kidneys.

Hemorrhages in various organs occur because the walls of blood vessels thicken more and more, lose their elasticity and become brittle. The increased blood flow easily destroys such vessels. The reverse process occurs with the development of aneurysms. Here, the walls from increased blood circulation stretch and become thinner. They are so loose that they break easily.

A pathologically narrow lumen increases the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis - fat deposits on the walls - and thrombosis - clogging them with a blood clot. Exsanguination of brain cells leads to oxygen starvation and their death. This phenomenon is called encephalopathy. Ischemia is oxygen starvation of the heart. Angina pectoris - constant chest pain.

The pathological processes that have joined the underlying disease develop in connection with it. Accordingly, if you do not start timely treatment or violate medical prohibitions, there will be more and more target organs, and it will become almost impossible to restore health.

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Disability grade 2 hypertension

Hypertensive patients are permanently registered at the dispensary and are periodically examined. In addition to daily blood pressure measurements, they are regularly prescribed an ECG. In some cases, an ultrasound scan may be required - an ultrasound examination of the heart, urine, blood tests and other diagnostic procedures. Hypertensive patients with a moderate form of the disease are less efficient than healthy people.

If there is a persistent dysfunction of the body caused by hypertension, then the patient is sent to the bureau for examination to obtain a medical and social examination conclusion. In rare cases, hypertension is examined at home, in a hospital or even in absentia. Sometimes an additional examination program is drawn up. For disabled people, specialists from the Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise develop a mandatory individual rehabilitation program.

To establish the disability group, the expert commission, along with the degree of hypertension, takes into account the following factors:

• complications;
• information from the medical history of hypertensive crises;
• working conditions of the patient.

The procedure for establishing a disability group is necessary for correct employment. Whether it will be easy to find an employer willing to put up with the work of an “inferior” employee is another question. If the job seeker submits documents confirming disability, then according to federal law he must be provided with the necessary working conditions.

Employers are reluctant to accept people with disabilities. working hours for them are reduced while maintaining full wages (for groups 1 and 2). In addition, they are forced to take sick leave more often than other employees, and their annual leave is increased. In this regard, most people with disabilities of the 3rd group hide their ailments in order to get a high-paying job. Violation of medical prescriptions regarding working conditions leads to an aggravation of the disease over time.

Disabled persons of the 3rd group receive cash benefits and are allowed to engage in professional activities with some restrictions:

• strong vibration and noise are contraindicated;
• you cannot work overtime, on weekends or on the night shift without the consent of the employee;
• constant physical or psycho-emotional stress is not allowed;
• prohibition of work at high altitudes, in hot workshops, near dangerous machinery;
• reduction in the duration of work associated with high concentration of attention;
• seven-hour working day.

A special case is malignant arterial hypertension of the 2nd degree. Its development is so rapid, and the patient's condition is difficult, that the commission assigns him a disability of group 2. This is no longer a working group. With 2 and 3 degrees of disability, a medical and social examination is carried out annually. Disabled persons of the following categories are exempted from re-examination:

• men over the age of 60;
• women over the age of 55;
• people with irreversible anatomical defects.

The assignment of a disability group is caused by the need for social protection of hypertensive patients. His ability to work is limited.

Treatment of hypertension grade 2

At this stage of the disease, medication is no longer necessary. The tablets are taken regularly, if possible at the same time of day. The patient should not think that to get rid of the disease, it will be enough only to take medications. If he does this, while being carried away, for example, by fatty foods and alcohol, then the positive effect of therapy will quickly disappear. The disease will move to the next stage, at which any treatment is ineffective.

Hypertension 3 degrees

Why are doctors alarmed by the deviation of blood pressure from the norm, even by one? The fact is that with an increase in pressure by several units, the risk of developing cardiovascular complications increases by the same percentage. For example, if a person has mild hypertension and blood pressure deviates from the normal 120 by 80 mm Hg. by 39 units, then there is a very high probability of pathological deviations from various organs (39%). What, then, can be said about the 3rd degree of the disease, in which the deviation is at least 60 units?

Grade 3 hypertension is a severe, chronic form of the disease. BP rises above 180/110 mm Hg, it never drops to the normal 120/80. Pathological changes are already irreversible.

Symptoms of grade 3 hypertension

Symptoms of grade 3 hypertension include:

• arrhythmia;
• change in gait;
• impaired coordination of movements;
• persistent deterioration of vision;
• paresis and paralysis in violation of cerebral circulation;
• prolonged hypertensive crises with speech impairments, blurred consciousness and sharp pains in the heart;
• hemoptysis;
• significant limitation of the ability to independently move, communicate and care for oneself.

In severe cases, hypertensive patients can no longer do without outside help, they need constant attention and care. The above signs of hypertension show that the patient's well-being is gradually deteriorating, the disease covers new organ systems, and complications are increasing.

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Complications of hypertension 3 degrees

Complications of grade 3 hypertension include the following diseases:

• myocardial infarction - the middle muscle layer of the heart;
• cardiac asthma - asthma attacks;
• heart failure;
• stroke;
• damage to the peripheral arteries;
• pulmonary edema;
• hypertensive retinopathy affects the retina;
• scotoma ("darkness") - a defect, a blind spot in the field of vision;
• blindness;
• diabetic nephropathy;
• renal failure;
• nephroangiosclerosis.

Complications of grade 3 arterial hypertension are otherwise called associated clinical conditions. If the cerebral circulation is impaired, a stroke develops, accompanied by loss of sensitivity in the limbs and fainting. Heart failure is already a whole complex of heart pathologies. Kidneys gradually fail. If hypertension is a secondary disease and arose against the background of diabetes mellitus, then nephropathy is inevitable.

The more the disease is started, the more terrible and severe its consequences. The circulatory system is so important for the life of the body that the slightest deviation in its work gives a powerful destructive effect.

Disability of hypertension 3 degrees

With a severe form of the disease, 1 disability group is established. At this stage, patients are practically disabled. Sometimes they are recognized as partially able-bodied and continue to work, but only at home or in special conditions.

But even with the most severe degree of disability, the patient must undergo rehabilitation procedures. In this state of affairs, it is necessary to prevent death.

Treatment of grade 3 hypertension

With the aggravation of the course of the disease, more and more potent drugs are prescribed or their list remains the same, but the dosage increases. At this stage of hypertension, the effect of drug therapy is minimal. Chronic hypertensive patients are doomed to drink pills for life.

When the disease becomes severe, surgery may be required. The operation is indicated for some pathologies of blood vessels and heart. Stem cell therapy for grade 3 arterial hypertension is considered innovative.

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Hypertension grade 4

Some experts also distinguish stage 4 of the disease, which is very severe. In most cases, the death is close. They try to alleviate the suffering of the patient as much as possible, and with each hypertensive crisis, they provide first aid. The patient is laid, raising his head. He is urgently given drugs that dramatically lower blood pressure.

If left untreated, new complications appear. Some of them provoke others, and diseases are more and more prevalent in a person. To stop this destructive process in time, you just need to monitor the dynamics of changes in your blood pressure, at least with the help of a conventional tonometer.

Article author: Mochalov Pavel Alexandrovich | d. m. n. therapist

Education: Moscow Medical Institute. IM Sechenov, specialty - "General Medicine" in 1991, in 1993 "Occupational Diseases", in 1996 "Therapy".