Salmonellosis - Causes And Symptoms Of Salmonellosis

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Video: Salmonellosis - Causes And Symptoms Of Salmonellosis

Video: Salmonellosis - Causes And Symptoms Of Salmonellosis
Video: Salmonellosis - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology 2024, March
Salmonellosis - Causes And Symptoms Of Salmonellosis
Salmonellosis - Causes And Symptoms Of Salmonellosis
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Salmonellosis

Salmonellosis causes and symptoms

What is Salmonellosis?

salmonellosis
salmonellosis

Salmonellosis is a polyetiological infectious disease caused by various bacteria of the Salmonella group (Enterobacteriaceae family of the Salmonella genus). The disease can be asymptomatic or in severe septic forms. It mainly affects the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, causing gastroenteritis, colitis and other concomitant diseases.

Salmonella sticks are pathogenic for both animals and humans and are usually able to persist in the external environment for a long time: up to five months in water, in meat - up to four months, in milk - about 20 days, in kefir - two months, in cheese - up to a year, in eggs - about nine months, in the ground - about 18 months. It is noteworthy that salmonella sticks can multiply in meat and dairy products without affecting the appearance and taste of the products.

The disease is common in all regions of the world, especially in developed countries and large cities.

Salmonellosis causes

The causative agent and the main cause of salmonellosis are salmonella sticks. The main factors of their pathogenicity are lipopolysaccharide endotoxin and cholera-like enterotoxin.

Animals, birds and humans can spread the infection. Cattle, domestic animals and waterfowl are especially dangerous. The main routes of infection are food, water and contact-household. Most often, salmonella sticks enter the body with meat and dairy products. Salmonellosis infections increase significantly in summer when food storage conditions deteriorate.

After salmonella sticks get on the lining of the small intestine, they begin to release a toxin that damages the intestinal lining. This leads to disruption of the digestive tract: diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration appear.

Salmonellosis symptoms

salmonellosis symptoms
salmonellosis symptoms

There are several clinical forms of salmonellosis, each of which has its own characteristics of the course.

1. The gastrointestinal form is the most common and accounts for 96–98% of all cases of the disease. It is accompanied by gastritis, gastroenteritis or gastroenterocolitis.

The onset of the disease is characterized by an increase in body temperature (up to 39 ° C), general weakness, headache, chills, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, upset stools (loose stools from 5 to 10 times a day or more). Symptoms appear depending on the severity of the disease. With a severe form of salmonellosis, diarrhea lasts 7 days or more, there is repeated vomiting, loss of fluid by the body. Intoxication and dehydration lead to skin cyanosis, tachycardia, a decrease in blood pressure, and acute renal failure may develop.

2. The generalized form (typhoid-like variant) usually has an acute onset. Among her first symptoms are stool disorders, fever and general intoxication. After a couple of days of illness, intestinal dysfunction disappears, but the fever remains the same, and the symptoms of intoxication are increasing. Patients have apathy, lethargy, pallor of the skin, a rash may appear on the abdomen, the liver and spleen are enlarged, the abdomen is swollen.

3. Generalized septic form is the most severe variant of salmonellosis. The body temperature of patients fluctuates greatly, chills, and strong sweating are observed. Septic foci can occur on other organs, therefore the clinical symptoms of this form of the disease are very diverse, difficult to diagnose and difficult to treat. With the development of purulent foci in the musculoskeletal system, osteomyelitis and arthritis develop; lymphadenitis, meningitis, tonsillitis, aortitis, endocarditis often occur.

The septic form of salmonellosis can last quite a long time and end in death, especially for infants and the elderly.

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4. Carrier bacteria - a form characterized by the absence of clinical symptoms. It can be diagnosed only with bacteriological and serological examinations. There are several categories of bacterial carriers: acute, chronic and transient.

Acute carriage lasts from 15 days to three months and occurs after the transferred manifest forms of salmonellosis. If Salmonella bacilli are shed for more than three months, the carrier becomes chronic. Transient carriage is diagnosed if Salmonella has been found once or twice after a previous negative test result.

5. The subclinical form of salmonellosis is characterized by the presence of salmonella in the analysis of feces simultaneously with the release of anti-salmonella antibodies. This form proceeds without clinical manifestations.

Salmonellosis treatment

With a severe course of the disease and moderate salmonellosis, patients are hospitalized. In milder forms, patients are treated at home. Therapy is limited to gastric lavage, intake of saline solutions and a special diet.

The moderate severity of salmonellosis is often accompanied by repeated vomiting. In such cases, solutions are administered intravenously to prevent dehydration. The higher the degree of dehydration, the larger the volume of injected fluid should be.

Severe salmonellosis requires intensive care. In addition to intravenous infusions, drugs are used to help normalize the intestinal microflora; treatment of concomitant diseases is mandatory.

Often, after recovery, a person cannot get rid of the symptoms of dysbiosis (stool disorders, abdominal pain, etc.) for a long time.

To prevent the development of salmonellosis, it is necessary to strictly observe the sanitary regime. This is especially true for food industry enterprises and catering establishments. Personal hygiene and food adherence times also play an important role.

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Article author: Mochalov Pavel Alexandrovich | d. m. n. therapist

Education: Moscow Medical Institute. IM Sechenov, specialty - "General Medicine" in 1991, in 1993 "Occupational Diseases", in 1996 "Therapy".

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