Joint Diseases - Causes, Symptoms And Treatment Of Joint Diseases

2024 Author: Josephine Shorter | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-07 17:49

Joint diseases: types, symptoms and treatment

Global computerization is increasingly immobilizing humanity. This has a detrimental effect on the musculoskeletal system.

Lack of physical activity destroys it.

Content:

• Ankylosis
• Arthralgia
• Arthritis
• Arthropathy
• Chondrocalcinosis
• Bechterew's disease
• Still's disease
• Infectarthritis
• Periarthritis
• Gout
• Felty's syndrome
• Synovioarthritis or synovitis
• Felty's syndrome
• Synovioarthritis or synovitis
• Spondyloarthritis
• Arthrosis or osteoarthritis
• Hemarthrosis
• Hydrarthrosis
• Gonarthrosis
• Coxarthrosis
• Osteochondrosis
• Pseudo- or neoarthrosis
• Spondyloarthrosis
• Epicondylosis
• Dysplasia of the hip c.
• Bursitis
• Systemic scleroderma

Ankylosis

Ankylosis is joint immobility due to the fusion of articulating articular surfaces.

Causes of ankylosis:

• infection;
• inflammatory arthritis;
• arthrosis;
• degeneration, prolonged immobilization - immobility due to plaster;
• trauma, such as an intra-articular fracture.

Ankylosis symptoms:

• pain;
• stiffness in the joint.

Symptoms gradually get worse. At first, pain only bothers in the morning. Then the discomfort grows. Suddenly the pain disappears. This is an indicator that the joint deformity is complete. It is fixed in a bent, bent or straightened state.

Ankylosis treatment

Conservative treatment can be applied:

• gymnastics;
• massage;
• manual therapy;
• physiotherapy;
• medicines: anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, hormones.

Otherwise, the operation is performed:

• redressing;
• osteotomy;
• arthroplasty;
• endoprosthetics.

Arthralgia

Arthralgia is joint pain. This is a harbinger of illness or the illness itself. Appears before organic damage begins. It arises as a result of irritation of the neuroreceptors of the synovial bag. Polyarthralgia covers more than 5 joints at once. There is disagreement about whether arthralgia can be considered a separate disease.

Arthralgia reasons:

• infection;
• tumor (paraneoplastic syndrome);
• disorders of the immune system.

Arthralgia symptoms:

• pain of a different nature, localized or "wandering" in the joints;
• myalgia - unpleasant sensations in the muscles;
• ossalgia - a feeling of aches.

The symptoms of this disease are highly variable.

Arthralgia treatment

Taking or applying analgesics and eliminating the causes of diseases. Exercise therapy also helps to relieve pain - a physiotherapy complex, physiotherapy.

Arthritis

Arthritis is inflammation of the joint. Polyarthritis affects several joints at the same time.

Arthritis causes:

• metabolic disorder;
• injury;
• infection;
• avitaminosis;
• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract or genitourinary system.

Arthritis symptoms:

• edema;
• constant pain syndrome;
• stiffness in the morning;
• inflammation;
• hyperemia - redness of the skin;
• fever.

On the subject: All information about arthritis!

Arthritis treatment

Anti-inflammatory (Acetylsalicylic acid, Indomethacin, Diclofenac, Brufen) and pain relievers (Capsaicin, Tylenol, Oxycodone, Methadone, Tramadol), hormones - corticosteroids (Hydrocortisone, Triamcinolone).

Arthropathy

Arthropathy is a type of arthritis, a secondary inflammatory disease. It is included in the triad of symptoms of Reiter's syndrome or disease along with urethritis and conjunctivitis.

Causes of arthropathy:

• changes in the level of hormones of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus;
• allergy;
• infection;
• endocrine diseases;
• disorders of nervous regulation.

Symptoms of arthropathy:

• arthralgia - pain;
• asymmetry of the lesion;
• swelling in the periarticular region.

Arthropathy treatment

The disease always occurs secondarily, against the background of other diseases. Therefore, treatment is aimed mainly at the underlying ailment. After getting rid of the root cause, arthropathy usually disappears.

Chondrocalcinosis or pyrophosphate arthropathy

Chondrocalcinosis is a type of arthropathy, accompanied by the deposition of salts in the articular cartilage.

The causes of chondrocalcinosis have not been precisely established, but a connection with the following pathologies has been identified:

• hyperparathyroidism
• hemolytic anemia;
• primary hyperparathyroidism;
• hemochromatosis;
• hemosiderosis;
• hypothyroidism;
• gout;
• neuropathic arthropathy;
• kidney stone disease;
• Forestier syndrome;
• ochronosis;
• diabetes;
• Wilson's disease;
• heredity;
• injury;
• surgical intervention.

Chondrocalcinosis symptoms:

• destruction of the surface of the articular cartilage;
• pain syndrome;
• edema;
• limitation of mobility, morning stiffness;
• hyperemia;
• fever;
• persistent increase in ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate;
• dysfunction of the joints.

Chondrocalcinosis treatment

Intra-articular corticosteroid injections are given. Crystals of calcium pyrophosphate salts provoke the development of inflammation. Therefore, the synovial fluid is rinsed to remove dangerous crystals. Physiotherapy and massage are shown.

Bechterew's disease

Bechterew's disease is ankylosing spondylitis or Strumpell-Bechterew-Marie disease.

The causes of ankylosing spondylitis have not been precisely established. A connection with heredity and some chronic infectious diseases has been revealed.

Symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis:

• girdle pain radiating to the spine;
• back muscle tension;
• slouch;
• stiffness;
• ankylosing of intervertebral joints;
• stopping the growth of the chest;
• iritis;
• iridocyclitis - inflammation of the eye;
• aortitis - inflammation of the aortic wall;
• insufficiency of the aortic valves;
• pericarditis - inflammation of the lining of the heart;
• arrhythmia;
• amyloidosis of the kidneys is a violation of protein metabolism.

On the subject: All information about ankylosing spondylitis!

Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis

No cure is possible. The suffering of the patient is alleviated with pain relief and reduction of inflammation. Physiotherapy, exercise therapy, manual therapy are also used. It is advisable to reduce physical activity and use an orthopedic mattress.

Still's disease

Still's disease is a type of arthritis. It appears in children under the age of 16 and is accompanied by systemic inflammation.

The cause of Still's disease has not been identified.

Disease symptoms:

• multiple arthritis;
• inflammatory changes in the synovial fluid;
• internal edema of soft tissues;
• accumulation of intra-articular effusion;
• periarticular osteoporosis;
• erosion or ankylosis of bones;
• eye damage;
• temperature increase;
• pain;
• intoxication syndrome;
• the appearance of contractures;
• stiffness;
• hyperemia of the skin with subsequent pigmentation;
• allergic rash;
• lymph node hyperplasia;
• enlargement of the liver and spleen;
• progressive exhaustion;
• lag in physical development;
• amyotrophy;
• tachycardia;
• arterial hypotension;
• sweating;
• blood leukocytosis.

Still's disease treatment

Medical methods are used. Additional measures are taken according to the course of the disease.

Infectious arthritis or infectious nonspecific polyarthritis

Infectious arthritis is a type of arthritis, a common infectious and allergic disease.

The causes of infectious arthritis are established presumably:

• infection;
• autoimmune tissue destruction;
• heredity.

Symptoms of Infectarthritis:

• fever;
• chills;
• sweating;
• weakness;
• losing weight;
• decreased performance;
• acute synovioarthritis;
• enlargement and deformation of the joints;
• soreness and limited movement;
• an increase in temperature at the site of edema;
• muscles in the affected area atrophy;
• neutrophilic leukocytosis;
• hypochromic anemia;
• increased ESR;
• fibrinogenemia;
• globulinemia;
• increased capillary permeability;
• lymph nodes swell;
• subcutaneous "rheumatoid" nodules appear;
• osteoporosis;
• narrowing of the joint spaces;
• marginal bone growths.

Infectarthritis treatment

Pain relieve analgesics:

• Acetylsalicylic acid;
• Paracetamol;
• Codeine.

Among anti-inflammatory drugs, adrenosteroids and NSAIDs are used - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These include:

• Benorylate;
• Ibuprofen;
• Naproxen;
• Piroxicam;
• Indomethacin;
• Mefenamic acid.

Immunosuppressants, such as Azathioprine, are prescribed if there are problems with the immune system. Physical and occupational therapy is recommended. Deformities that greatly complicate the patient's life are removed with the help of an operation. Artificial implants are often inserted.

Periarthritis

Periarthritis is a type of arthritis, inflammation of the periarticular tissues:

• capsules;
• ligaments;
• tendons;
• muscles.

The most common cases are shoulder or shoulder-shoulder inflammation.

Periarthritis reasons:

• traumatic injury;
• overload;
• hypothermia.

Periarthritis symptoms:

• pain syndrome;
• slight restriction of movement in the joint.

Periarthritis treatment

Immobilization of the joint with a fixation bandage, physiotherapy, anesthesia help to relieve the patient's condition.

Gout

Gout is a type of arthritis. There is a deposition in the tissues of urate crystals - uric acid salts. Gouty nodules - tophuses - are formed due to impaired kidney function. More often "bumps" appear near the joints.

Causes of gout:

• improper nutrition with an excess of offal;
• drinking alcohol, especially beer;
• stress;
• heredity;
• arterial hypertension;
• hyperlipidemia;
• increased catabolism of purine nucleotides, for example, during anticancer therapy;
• renal failure.

Gout symptoms:

• pain;
• redness;
• temperature increase;
• hyperuricemia - an increase in the concentration of uric acid in the blood;
• obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, or hypertension.

On the subject: All information about gout!

Treating gout

The patient is admitted to a hospital. The inflammation is usually treated with colchicine. The drug is effective, but it is used with caution. Overdose is very dangerous. Indomethacin, Naproxen, Phenylbutazone, Etoricoxib may also be prescribed. Prevention of urolithiasis is also important.

Felty's syndrome

Felty's syndrome is a type of arthritis, a complication of rheumatoid arthritis. There is controversy over whether this syndrome is considered a disease or a symptom.

Felty's syndrome is caused by rheumatoid arthritis.

Disease symptoms:

• general exhaustion;
• enlarged spleen - splenomegaly - and liver - hepatomegaly;
• portal hypertension;
• lymphadenopathy - swelling of the lymph nodes;
• anemia;
• leukopenia - a decrease in the number of leukocytes;
• thrombocytopenia or thrombopenia - a decrease in the number of platelets;
• granulocytopenia;
• brown skin pigmentation;
• the formation of rheumatoid nodules - focal seals of the skin;
• "Dry" Sjogren's syndrome - dystrophy of the secretory-glandular apparatus, accompanied by pathological dryness of all mucous membranes;
• ulcers on the skin of the legs;
• polyneuropathy.

Treatment for Felty's syndrome

To block the process, medications are administered and plasmapheresis is used. Cell destruction is stopped by splenectomy - surgical removal of the spleen.

Synovioarthritis or synovitis

Synovioarthritis is a type of arthritis, inflammation of the synovium.

Causes of synovioarthritis:

• getting an infection;
• repetitive trauma;
• neuroendocrine and metabolic disorders;
• allergic and chemical factors.

Symptoms of synovioarthritis:

• edema;
• smoothing the contours of the joint;
• increase in local temperature;
• stiffness;
• pain on palpation;
• with the progression of the disease, the nature of the inflammatory effusion changes;
• the purulent form is accompanied by fever.

Synovioarthritis treatment

A diseased joint needs complete rest, it is immobilized with special means. Apply dry heat. In case of excessive accumulation of synovial fluid, puncture with washing is performed.

Spondyloarthritis

Spondyloarthritis is a type of arthritis, multiple inflammation of the intervertebral joints.

The causes of spondyloarthritis:

• infectious nonspecific polyarthritis - "infectious arthritis";
• brucellosis;
• dysentery;
• syphilis;
• hypothermia;
• trauma;
• overvoltage.

The symptoms of spondyloarthritis depend on its type:

• limitation of mobility of the spine in the morning, and then the rest of the time;
• temperature increase;
• anemia;
• accelerated ROE - erythrocyte sedimentation reaction;
• progressive ossification of the ligamentous apparatus of the spine;
• pain radiating to the thigh;
• back muscle atrophy;
• lordosis of the cervical spine;
• kyphosis of the thoracic spine;
• uneven contours of the sacroiliac joints.

Spondyloarthritis treatment

The infectious focus is being sanitized. Pyrazolone (Butadion, Reopirin, Pirabutol) and hormonal drugs (ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Prednisolone, Triamcinolone) are prescribed. Exercise therapy, massage and physiotherapy procedures are also needed.

Arthrosis or osteoarthritis

Arthrosis is a degenerative-dystrophic disease of the joint, leading to its immobility. Synonyms - osteoarthritis, arthrosis-arthritis.

The cause of arthrosis is premature aging, deterioration of cartilage tissue, for example, due to trauma, inflammation, dysplasia, or metabolic disorders. Not only cartilage can be affected, but other parts of the joint as well. The process of formation of cells of cartilage and bone tissue is disrupted.

Symptoms of arthrosis:

• severe pain during movement due to thinning of the cartilaginous layer;
• tumor;
• inflammatory process;
• decreased joint mobility - hypodynamia;
• muscle and ligament atrophy;
• deformation of the joint;
• softening, razvlecheniya, ulceration and thinning of the cartilage;
• osteosclerosis - abnormal thickening of the bone;
• synovitis, accompanied by edema.

On the subject: All information about arthrosis!

Arthrosis treatment

After the inflammation has been removed, rehabilitation becomes the first priority. It is carried out with the help of exercise therapy and physiotherapy. Of the medicines, in addition to anti-inflammatory drugs, anesthetics and chondoprotectors are prescribed, which activate tissue regeneration: Chondroitin sulfate or Glucosamine. In severe cases, arthroplasty may be required.

Hemarthrosis

Hemarthrosis is a type of arthrosis, internal hemorrhage.

The cause of hemarthrosis is trauma that causes rupture of blood vessels. In patients with hemophilia, hemorrhage can begin even with minor injuries. This sensitivity is caused by poor blood clotting.

Symptoms of hemarthrosis:

• swelling due to internal hemorrhage;
• stiffness of movements;
• pain;
• high temperature.

Hemarthrosis treatment

Joint rest is provided. If the hemorrhage is small, it is enough to fix the limb. Otherwise, the blood is pumped out of the cavity and a pressure bandage is applied. For rehabilitation, exercise therapy and physiotherapy are prescribed. If, as a result of tissue rupture in the joint, free fragments are found, ligaments or menisci are severely damaged, arthroscopy is performed. This surgical procedure is performed endoscopically. "Articular mouse" - a pathological particle, a fragment - is removed with the help of instruments, for this a second puncture is required. Sometimes the joint is replaced with a prosthesis. A rehabilitation period is required, because the sore limb is immobilized for a long time.

Hydrarthrosis

Hydrarthrosis is a type of arthrosis, dropsy of the joint.

Hydrarthrosis reasons:

• injury;
• infection;
• osteochondritis dissecans - inflammation of the cartilage;
• ankylosing spondylitis;
• syphilis;
• allergic reaction.

Symptoms of hydrarthrosis:

• a significant increase in the size of the joint, a change in its outer contours;
• pain;
• fluctuation;
• expansion of the joint space.

Hydrarthrosis treatment

The joint is immobilized. A puncture is made to remove the effusion fluid. Getting rid of the disease is very difficult. Relapses are frequent. In rare cases, radiation therapy is given. The site of injury is exposed to ionizing radiation. Intermittent hydrarthrosis - intermittent dropsy of the joint is practically not amenable to treatment.

Gonarthrosis

Gonarthrosis is a type of arthrosis that affects the knee.

The causes of primary gonarthrosis are unknown, and secondary arises after trauma or as a result of a violation of joint development.

Symptoms of gonarthrosis:

• pain and crunch during exertion;
• morning stiffness of movements;
• lameness;
• swelling;
• destruction of cartilage;
• degeneration and deformation of the joint.

On the subject: All information about gonarthrosis!

Treatment of gonarthrosis

In addition to the traditional complex of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, drugs are prescribed to replace synovial fluid. The patient is recommended to use a cane, orthosis, orthopedic insoles when walking.

Coxarthrosis

Coxarthrosis is a type of arthrosis that affects the hip joint.

Causes of coxarthrosis:

• hereditary predisposition;
• elderly age;
• obesity;
• traumatic injury;
• dysplasia of the hip joint.

Coxarthrosis symptoms:

• discomfort in the pelvic region in the morning;
• pain that increases with physical activity;
• stiffness;
• inflammation;
• the growth of bone spurs - osteophytes.

On the subject: All information about coxarthrosis!

Coxarthrosis treatment

The articular cartilage disappears and the bones rub directly against each other. In the absence of therapy, the patient becomes lame. He cannot walk without a cane, crutches, or walker. The modern level of medicine allows only to suspend the development of the disease. Ibuprofen is prescribed to relieve inflammation and relieve pain. Operation - arthroplasty improves the situation a little. An endoprosthesis is inserted. A rehabilitation program is required.

Osteochondrosis

Osteochondrosis is a type of arthrosis, accompanied by degeneration of the articular cartilage.

Causes of osteochondrosis:

• inactivity, weakness of the back muscles due to lack of exercise, respectively, constant overload of the spinal column;
• flat feet;
• obesity;
• Poor posture, such as carrying heavy bags on one shoulder
• heredity;
• infection;
• intoxication;
• metabolic disorders;
• aging of the body;
• trauma;
• excessive physical activity;
• wearing the wrong shoes;
• pregnancy;
• depression;
• smoking.

Symptoms of osteochondrosis:

• pain in various parts of the body;
• numbness and aches in the limbs with their gradual atrophy;
• limited movement;
• muscle spasms;
• vertebral artery syndrome;
• displacement of the intervertebral discs;
• damage to the nerve roots.

On the subject: All information about osteochondrosis!

Treatment of osteochondrosis

The disease is incurable. Traditional methods are used to make the patient feel better. When an intervertebral hernia occurs, an operation is performed.

Pseudo- or neoarthrosis

Pseudoarthrosis is the formation of a new joint. A neoplasm can occur at the site of an old injury, or surgeons will provoke its appearance where a joint is needed. This operation is performed for the elderly. The pseudarthrosis can be congenital or acquired.

Causes of pseudoarthrosis:

• long-term dislocation or intra-articular fracture;
• congenital dislocation of the hip;
• palliative surgery.

Symptoms of pseudarthrosis:

• painless mobility at the site of the former injury;
• lack of fusion of fragments;
• limb immobility;
• the bone marrow canals are overlapped by the endplate;
• cartilage and a false capsule of the joint are formed.

Treatment of pseudoarthrosis

A persistent bone defect can only be healed with surgery. The dangling joint is removed, and homotransplants are inserted to speed up healing.

Spondyloarthrosis or facet arthropathy

Spondyloarthrosis is a type of arthrosis, aging of the intervertebral joints.

Causes of spondyloarthrosis:

• increased pressure on the vertebrae;
• decreased production of synovial fluid;
• violation of posture;
• congenital anomalies of the spine;
• trauma;
• metabolic disease;
• flat feet.

Symptoms of spondyloarthrosis:

• persistent back pain;
• the formation of osteophytes;
• violation of gait;
• immobility and fusion of intervertebral joints;
• spondylosis - the formation of bone spines.

Spondyloarthrosis treatment

Manual correction (at the initial stages of the disease), chondroprotective treatment is required. If inflammation has begun, anti-inflammatory drugs are additionally prescribed. Muscle spasms are relieved with muscle relaxants and acupuncture. Traction therapy is also beneficial - stretching the spine, for example, using a mechanical bed. Physiotherapy can also be used.

Epicondylosis

Epicondylosis is a type of arthrosis that affects the elbow joint.

Epicondylosis is caused by the uniformity of hand movements, for example, in some sports.

Symptoms of epicondylosis:

• constant pain of varying strength in the arm;
• Thompson and Welsh symptoms.

Epicondylosis treatment

Anesthesia is carried out using injections of anesthetics: Novocaine or Lidocaine. Physiotherapy is also used.

Dysplasia of the hip joint

Hip dysplasia is a congenital dislocation of the hip.

The cause of hip dysplasia is the abnormal development of the fetus during intrauterine development.

Symptoms of hip dysplasia:

• asymmetry of skin folds with unilateral pathology;
• shortening of the thigh;
• Marx-Ortolani "click" symptom;
• limited hip abduction.

Treatment of dysplasia of the hip joint

Be sure to use fixing orthopedic aids. But they should not completely restrict the movement of the child. The key to success in early treatment. Gymnastics with a special set of exercises is carried out daily. Shown massage. In severe cases, surgery is necessary.

Bursitis

Bursitis is an inflammation of the bursal sac.

Bursitis reasons:

• excessive stress on the joint;
• injury;
• inflammatory and autoimmune diseases;
• metabolic disorders;
• calcification;
• violation of the integrity of the skin;
• allergy;
• intoxication.

Bursitis symptoms:

• accumulation of exudate - an inflammatory fluid;
• pain syndrome;
• limited movement;
• deposits of lime salts in the walls of the bag;
• edema;
• hyperemia;
• an increase in local or general body temperature up to 40 °;
• general malaise, weakness;
• nausea;
• lymphadenopathy - an increase in the surrounding lymph nodes.

Bursitis treatment

The therapeutic course includes suppression of the inflammatory process with antibiotics, anesthesia, strengthening the immune system, physical rest, massage and physiotherapy. If conservative treatment does not work, an operation is performed. The bursa is opened and cleaned or partially / completely removed.

On the subject: All information about bursitis!

Hygroma

Hygroma is an accumulation of fluid in the synovial bag.

Hygroma reasons:

• tendovaginitis - inflammation of the tendons;
• bursitis;
• trauma;
• monotonous movements that require muscle tension.

Hygroma symptoms:

• the appearance of foci of hemorrhage and necrosis in the walls of the bag;
• increased pain with an increase in the tumor;
• venous congestion;
• when the nerve roots are squeezed, a sensitivity disorder occurs: hyperesthesia or, on the contrary, paresthesia;
• fluctuation phenomenon.

On the subject: All information about the hygroma!

Hygroma treatment

Conservative methods rarely give a result, so the tumor is removed surgically. Bursectomy does not take long.

Synovioma or synovialoma

A synovioma is a tumor on a joint. It can grow from the wall of the synovium, vagina, or bursa. Malignant sarcomas form anywhere in the body, even where there are no joints.

The causes of the synovioma have not been precisely established. There are assumptions about its genetic origin. A weak connection with injuries and physical overload was revealed.

Synovioma symptoms:

• pain;
• limited movement;
• increased body temperature;
• loss of appetite;
• weight loss;
• general malaise;
• increased fatigue;
• sarcoma metastasis.

Synovioma treatment

The tumor is removed surgically. Relapses are possible. Benign neoplasms tend to degenerate into sarcomas.

Systemic scleroderma or dermatosclerosis

Scleroderma is a systemic progressive sclerosis that affects internal organs and tissues.

Scleroderma causes:

• genetic predisposition;
• infectious diseases;
• hypothermia;
• injuries of a different nature;
• endocrine shifts.

Scleroderma symptoms:

• dense edema, induration and then skin atrophy;
• hyperpigmentation;
• calcification;
• vascular and trophic disorders;
• joint syndrome from mild pain to deformity;
• osteoporosis;
• pneumosclerosis and other types of sclerosis;
• significant weight loss;
• Hair loss;
• increased ESR.

Scleroderma treatment

Drugs such as:

• Prednisolone;
• Hingamin;
• Acetylsalicylic acid;
• vitamins B1 and B6;
• Angiotrophin;
• Depopadutin;
• Lidaza;
• Novocaine.

In addition to medicines, exercise therapy, physiotherapy and massage are used.

Joint diseases are very diverse. But among them there is not a single one that could not cause serious damage to human health. Health is a fragile thing; it requires care and attention. Some diseases of the musculoskeletal system at the current level of development of medicine are incurable, some will inevitably lead to death.

n

Video: joint treatment quickly and reliably, forever. Recipes and methods from Frolov Yu. A.

Author of the article: Kaplan Alexander Sergeevich | Orthopedist

Education: diploma in the specialty "General Medicine" received in 2009 at the Medical Academy. I. M. Sechenov. In 2012 completed postgraduate studies in Traumatology and Orthopedics at the City Clinical Hospital named after Botkin at the Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Disaster Surgery.