Cancer prevention
The system for the prevention of cancer, recommended in 2013 by a group of scientists from several research institutes of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation under the auspices of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation "State Research Center for Preventive Medicine" includes three stages of prevention.
Content:
- Primary cancer prevention
- Secondary cancer prevention
- Tertiary cancer prevention
- General remarks
Primary cancer prevention
First of all, one should bear in mind the preclinical prevention of cancer. Two-thirds of the factors provoking the development of cancer are associated with inadequate diet and smoking.
Food
There are several reasons that can influence the development of cancer in different groups of people.
Increase the risks:
- Obesity. A direct link was established between weight gain and breast cancer and uterine cancer.
- Eating fat. The daily dose is not more than 50-70 grams. Increased consumption of fatty foods increases the risk of developing colon and prostate cancer.
- Eating smoked food. Increases the development of colon and stomach cancer.
- The use of sausages, sausages containing nitrites. Nitrites are used in sausage recipes to add vibrant color to foods. Their content is insignificant with limited use of meat products, it is not dangerous.
Reduce risks:
- Vitamins. Mandatory inclusion in the diet of vegetables containing carotene (carrots, tomatoes, radishes), plants containing vitamin C (cabbage, garlic, onions, citrus fruits).
- Vegetable fiber. The daily rate is up to 35 grams. Contained in whole grains, vegetables, fruits. The use of plant foods containing a large amount of indigestible fiber is necessary to prevent the development of rectal cancer.
Smoking
Information from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation claims the annual death of up to 300 thousand people from causes associated with smoking. The influence of smoking on the development of some forms of cancer of the lung, upper digestive tract (mouth and esophagus), stomach, bladder, kidney, uterus, leukemia has been proven.
Other risk factors for the development of cancer have been identified, in descending order:
- viral infections - 10%;
- promiscuous sexual contacts - 7%;
- sedentary lifestyle - 5%;
- occupational carcinogens - 4%;
- alcohol abuse - 3%;
- environmental impact - 2%;
- hereditary factors - 2%;
- ultraviolet, ionizing radiation -1%.
- unknown reasons - 5%.
In most cases, these reasons are combined with each other, have a mutual effect on the likelihood of developing oncology.
Viral infections
Human viral diseases associated with unprotected sexual contacts have the greatest impact. Cancer has been linked to viruses:
- Human papillomas - cancer of the cervix, penis, vagina, anus, oropharynx;
- Hepatitis B and C - liver cancer;
- Epstein-Barr - Burkitt's lymphoma, stomach cancer.
Ionizing radiation
Acts primarily on the skin. There are known cases of melanoma after ultraviolet exposure. It is not recommended to stay under the influence of the open sun from 10 am to 4 pm. At this time, the most severe radiation. You should be wary of procedures in solariums to obtain artificial tanning. Protective creams are a good prophylactic effect against skin cancer; they should be applied regularly after each water treatment. Use wide-brimmed hats and umbrellas for protection from rays.
Diagnostic procedures using X-rays pose some danger. In this regard, it is necessary to rationally observe the timing of surveys.
Environmental factors
The influence on the development of lung cancer by inhalation of asbestos dust at the relevant enterprises, the development of skin cancer, bladder cancer when drinking water containing inorganic arsenic has been proven.
Physical activity
People with high physical activity have a low risk of developing cancer of the rectum, breast, uterus, and some other forms of malignant neoplasms associated with obesity.
Secondary cancer prevention
Includes regular screening in order to identify the harbingers of cancer.
Effective studies that contribute to the early detection of cancer in women include:
- mammography;
- fluorography;
- examination of smears from the cervix and cervical canal.
Methods of high diagnostic value in examining men and women:
- endoscopic examination;
- MRI and its modifications;
- CT with contrast, MSCT;
- PEC-TK;
- determination of tumor markers.
Early diagnosis programs and screening studies are an essential component of the development of oncology in order to increase the efficiency of disease detection.
Tertiary cancer prevention
This direction of preventive work is associated with the prevention of identified and treated oncological diseases in order to prevent tumor metastasis.
The work is carried out only in specialized clinics, including with patients registered with the oncological dispensary:
- chemoprophylaxis for people from high-risk groups or healthy people for the purpose of prevention;
- prevention of toxic liver damage after chemotherapy with drugs like S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Tertiary prophylaxis is used to a limited extent, there are contraindications. The gradation of determining the degree of risk of oncological diseases is proposed.
There are five groups in total:
- First. Persons over 45 years of age and persons of any age with a hereditary predisposition to the development of cancer;
- Second. Healthy people who, due to other occupational activities, were exposed to carcinogenic factors, ionizing radiation, carriers of oncoviruses, this group includes smokers
- Third. Persons with chronic diseases (obesity, decreased immunity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, others);
- Fourth. Patients with signs of a precancerous condition.
- Fifth. Cancer patients. This category is subject to regular medical examination (order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of 15.11.2012 No. 915n.).
Inspection frequency (per year):
- first (quarterly).
- the second (in half a year).
- third and further (annually).
General remarks
Nutrition is very important for cancer. In general terms, then you need to replace animal protein with vegetable one, exclude smoked meats, canned food, and also smoking. But anyone should know which foods will benefit his body, and which ones will only slow down the treatment or even harm.
Plant-based foods are the healthiest. Therefore, fill your diet as much as possible with beets, carrots, cabbage, onions, garlic, parsley, radishes, sorrel, red grapes, blueberries, lingonberries, and so on. Eat traditional cereals, especially rice and oatmeal, soups from cereals and vegetables, legumes, mushrooms.
Vegetable juices will be helpful. Just before drinking beet or cabbage juice, let it sit in the refrigerator. You can drink a little juice, but during the day you need to drink at least half a liter of juice.
The author of the article: Bykov Evgeny Pavlovich | Oncologist, surgeon
Education: graduated from residency at the Russian Scientific Oncological Center. N. N. Blokhin "and received a diploma in the specialty" Oncologist"
