Antibiotics For Colitis - A List Of The Best And The Rules For Taking Them

2024 Author: Josephine Shorter | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 21:43

Antibiotics for colitis

The article describes which antibiotics for colitis can have a therapeutic effect. The main antibacterial drugs are listed, instructions for their use are given.

Colitis is an inflammatory process in the large intestine. It can be of infectious, ischemic and medicinal origin. Colitis is chronic and acute.

The main symptoms of colitis are abdominal pain, the presence of blood and mucus in the feces, nausea, and an increased urge to have a bowel movement.

They are worth considering in more detail:

• Pain. She has a dull, aching character with colitis. The place of pain origin is the lower abdomen, most often the left side hurts. Sometimes it is difficult to pinpoint the exact location of pain, as it spreads throughout the abdominal cavity. After eating, any shaking (driving, running, brisk walking), after an enema, the pain becomes stronger. It weakens after bowel movement, or when gases go away.

• Unstable stool. Frequent, but not profuse, diarrhea occurs in 60% of patients. Fecal incontinence and tenesmus at night are characteristic. In patients, there is an alternation of constipation and diarrhea, although this symptom characterizes many bowel diseases. However, with colitis, there is a mixture of blood and mucus in the stool.
• Bloating, flatulence. Patients often experience symptoms of bloating and heaviness in the abdomen. Gas formation in the intestine is increased.
• Shadows. Patients may feel a false urge to empty their bowels, and while going to the toilet, only mucus is released. Symptoms of colitis may resemble those of proctitis or proctosigmoiditis, which occur with persistent constipation, too often enemas, or overuse of laxatives. If the sigmoid or rectum suffers from colitis, then the patient often experiences tenesmus at night, and the feces in appearance resemble the feces of sheep. There is also mucus and blood in the stool.

Antibiotics for colitis are prescribed if the cause is an intestinal infection. It is recommended to take antibacterial drugs for nonspecific ulcerative colitis, with the addition of bacterial infection.

To treat colitis, antibiotics such as:

• Preparations from the sulfonamide group. They are used to treat mild to moderate colitis.
• Broad-spectrum antibiotics. They are prescribed for the treatment of severe colitis.

When antibiotic treatment is delayed, or the patient is prescribed two or more antibacterial agents, then almost always a person develops dysbiosis. The beneficial microflora is destroyed, along with harmful bacteria. This condition worsens the course of the disease and leads to chronic colitis.

In order to prevent the development of dysbiosis, it is necessary to take probiotic preparations or preparations with lactic acid bacteria against the background of antibacterial therapy. It can be Nystatin or Colibacterin, which contain live Escherichia coli, propolis, vegetable and soy extracts, which in combination, allows you to normalize the intestines.

Antibiotics for colitis are not always needed, so a doctor should prescribe them.

Content:

• Indications for the use of antibiotics for colitis
• List of antibiotics used for colitis
• Rules for the use of antibiotics for colitis

Indications for the use of antibiotics for colitis

Colitis does not always require taking antibacterial drugs. In order to start antibiotic therapy, you need to make sure that the disease was caused by an intestinal infection.

There are the following groups of intestinal infections:

• Bacterial intestinal infection.
• Parasitic intestinal infection.
• Viral intestinal infection.

Colitis is often triggered by bacteria such as salmonella and shigella. In this case, the patient develops salmonellosis or shigellosis dysentery. Inflammation of the intestines of a tuberculous nature is possible.

When viruses infect the intestines, they talk about intestinal flu.

As for a parasitic infection, microorganisms such as amoeba can provoke inflammation. The disease is called amoebic dysentery.

Since there are many pathogens that can provoke an intestinal infection, laboratory diagnostics are necessary. This will help identify the cause of the inflammation and decide whether to take antibiotics for colitis.

List of antibiotics used for colitis

Furazolidone

Furazolidone is an antibacterial drug of synthetic origin, which is prescribed for the treatment of microbial and parasitic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Pharmacodynamics. After taking the drug inside, there is a violation of cellular respiration and the Krebs cycle in pathogenic microorganisms that populate the intestine. This provokes the destruction of their membrane or cytoplasmic membrane. Relief of the patient's condition after the priming of Furazolidone is observed quickly, even before the entire pathogenic flora is destroyed. This is due to the massive decay of microbes and a decrease in their toxic effects on the human body.

The drug is active against bacteria and protozoa such as: Streptoccus, Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Escherichia, Shigella, Klebsiella, Proteus, Lamblia, Enterobacter.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug is inactivated in the intestine, poorly absorbed. Only 5% of the active substances are excreted in the urine. It can be colored brown.

Application during pregnancy. During pregnancy, the drug is not prescribed.

Contraindications for use. Hypersensitivity to nitrofurans, breastfeeding, chronic renal failure (the last stage), the age of one year younger, deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Side effects. Allergies, vomiting, nausea. To reduce the risk of side effects, the drug is recommended to be taken with meals.

Method of administration and dosage. Adults are prescribed 0.1-0.15 g 4 times a day, after meals. The course of treatment is from 5 to 10 days, or in cycles of 3-6 days with a break of 3-4 days. The maximum dose that can be taken per day is 0.8 g, and at a time - 0.2 g.

For children, the dose is calculated based on body weight - 10 mg / kg. The received dose is divided into 4 doses.

Overdose. In case of overdose, it is necessary to cancel the drug, rinse the stomach, take antihistamines, and carry out symptomatic treatment. Development of polyneuritis and acute toxic hepatitis is possible.

Interaction with other drugs. At the same time, do not prescribe a drug with other monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Tetracyclines and aminoglycosides enhance the effect of Furazolidone. After taking it, the body's sensitivity to alcoholic beverages increases. Do not prescribe a drug with Ristomycin and Chloramphenicol.

Alpha Normix

Alpha Normix is an antibacterial drug from the rifamycin group.

Pharmacodynamics. This drug has a broad spectrum of action. It has a pathogenic effect on the DNA and RNA of bacteria, provoking their death. The drug is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive flora, anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.

• The drug reduces the toxic effect of bacteria on the human liver, especially in the case of severe lesions.
• Prevents bacteria from multiplying and growing in the intestines.
• Prevents the development of complications of diverticular disease.
• Prevents the development of chronic intestinal inflammation by reducing the antigenic stimulus.
• Reduces the risk of complications after surgery on the intestine.

Pharmacokinetics. When taken orally, it is not absorbed, or less than 1% is absorbed, creating a high concentration of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract. It is not detected in the blood, and no more than 0.5% of the dose of the drug can be detected in the urine. It is excreted by feces.

Application during pregnancy. Not recommended for use during pregnancy and lactation.

Contraindications for use. Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, complete and partial intestinal obstruction, ulcerative intestinal lesions of high severity, age under 12 years.

Side effects. Increased blood pressure, headaches, dizziness, diplopia.

• Shortness of breath, dry throat, nasal congestion.
• Abdominal pain, flatulence, stool disorders, nausea, tenesmus, weight loss, ascites, dyspeptic disorders, urinary disorders.
• Rash, muscle pain, candidiasis, fever, polymenorrhea.

Method of administration and dosage. The drug is taken regardless of food, washed down with water.

Prescribe 1 tablet every 6 hours for a course of no more than 3 days for traveler's diarrhea.

Take 1-2 tablets every 8-12 hours for intestinal inflammation.

It is prohibited to take the drug for more than 7 days in a row. The course of treatment can be repeated no earlier than 20-40 days later.

Overdose. Overdose cases are not known, treatment is symptomatic.

Interaction with other drugs. The interaction of rifaximin with other drugs has not been established. Due to the fact that the drug is negligibly little absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract when taken orally, the development of drug interactions is unlikely.

Tsifran

Tsifran is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the group of fluoroquinolones.

Pharmacodynamics. The drug has a bactericidal effect, influencing the processes of replication and synthesis of proteins that make up the composition of bacterial cells. As a result, the pathogenic flora perishes. The drug is active against gram-negative (both during rest and during division) and gram-positive (only during division) flora.

During the use of the drug, bacterial resistance to it develops extremely slowly. It shows high efficiency against bacteria that are resistant to drugs from the group of aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides and sulfonamides.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and reaches its maximum concentration in the body 1-2 hours after oral administration. Its bioavailability is about 80%. It is excreted from the body in 3-5 hours, and with kidney disease this time increases. Tsifran is excreted in the urine (about 70% of the drug) and through the gastrointestinal tract (about 30% of the drug). No more than 1% of the drug is excreted in the bile.

Application during pregnancy. Not prescribed during pregnancy and lactation.

Contraindications for use. Age up to 18 years, hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, pseudomembranous colitis.

Side effects:

• Dyspepsia, vomiting and nausea, pseudomembranous colitis.
• Headaches, dizziness, sleep disturbances, fainting.
• Increase in the level of leukocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils in the blood, heart rhythm disturbances, increased blood pressure.
• Allergic reactions.
• Candidiasis, glomerulonephritis, increased urination, vasculitis.

Method of administration and dosage. The drug is taken orally at 250-750 mg, 2 times a day. The course of treatment is from 7 days to 4 weeks. The maximum daily dose for an adult is 1.5 g.

Overdose. In case of an overdose, the parenchyma of the kidneys suffers, therefore, in addition to washing the stomach and causing vomiting, it is necessary to monitor the state of the urinary system. To stabilize their work, calcium-containing and magnesium-containing antacids are prescribed. It is important to provide the patient with sufficient fluid. When carrying out hemodialysis, no more than 10% of the drug is excreted.

Interaction with other drugs:

• Didanosine impairs the absorption of Tsifran.
• Warfarin increases the risk of bleeding.
• When taken together with Theophylline, the risk of developing side effects of the latter increases.
• Simultaneously with preparations of zinc, aluminum, magnesium and iron, as well as with anthocyanins, Tsifran is not prescribed. The interval should be more than 4 hours.

Phthalazole

Phthalazole is an antibacterial drug from the sulfonamide group with the active ingredient phthalylsulfathiazole.

Pharmacodynamics. The drug has a detrimental effect on the pathogenic flora, interfering with the synthesis of folic acid in the membranes of microbial cells. The effect develops gradually, since bacteria have a certain supply of para-aminobenzoic acid, which is necessary for the formation of folic acid.

In addition to antibacterial action, Phthalazol has an anti-inflammatory effect. The drug works mainly in the intestine.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug is practically not absorbed into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract. No more than 10% of the substance from the dose taken is found in the blood. It is metabolized in the liver, excreted by the kidneys (about 5%) and the gastrointestinal tract along with feces (most of the drug).

Application during pregnancy. The drug is not recommended for use during pregnancy and during breastfeeding.

Contraindications for use. Individual sensitivity to drug components, blood diseases, chronic renal failure, diffuse toxic goiter, acute stage of hepatitis, glomerulonephritis, age up to 5 years, intestinal obstruction.

Side effects. Headaches, dizziness, dyspeptic disorders, nausea and vomiting, stomatitis, glossitis, gingivitis, hepatitis, cholangitis, gastritis, formation of kidney stones, eosinophilic pneumonia, myocarditis, allergic reactions. Changes in the hematopoietic system are rarely observed.

Method of administration and dosage:

The drug for the treatment of dysentery is taken in the following courses:

• 1 course: 1-2 days, 1 g, 6 times a day; 3-4 days, 1 g 4 times a day; 5-6 days, 1 g 3 times a day.
• 2 course is carried out in 5 days: 1-2 days, 1 5 times a day; 3-4 days, 1 g 4 times a day. Do not accept at night; 5 day 1 g 3 times a day.

Children over the age of 5 are prescribed 0.5-0.75 g, 4 times a day.

For the treatment of other infections in the first three days, 1-2 g are prescribed every 4-6 hours, and then half the dose. Children are prescribed 0.1 g / kg per day on the first day of treatment, every 4 hours, and at night the drug is not given. On subsequent days, 0.25-0.5 g every 6-8 hours.

Overdose. With an overdose of the drug, pancytopenia and macrocytosis develop. Increased side effects are possible. It is possible to reduce their severity by taking folic acid at the same time. Treatment is symptomatic.

Interaction with other drugs. Barbiturates and paraaminosalicylic acid enhances the action of Phthalazol.

• When the drug is combined with salicylates, Diphenin and Methotrexate, the toxicity of the latter increases.
• The risk of developing agranulocytosis increases while taking Phtalaozl with Levomycetin and Thioacetazone.
• Phthalazole enhances the effect of indirect anticoagulants.
• When the drug is combined with Oxacillin, the activity of the latter decreases.

It is impossible to prescribe Phthalazol with acid-reacting drugs, with acids, with Epinephrine solution, with hexamethylenetetramine. The antibacterial activity of phthalazole is enhanced when combined with other antibiotics and with Procaine, Tetracaine, Benzocaine.

Enterofuril

Enterofuril is an intestinal antiseptic and antidiarrheal agent with the main active ingredient nifuroxazide.

Pharmacodynamics. The drug has a wide range of antibacterial activity. It is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative enterobacteriaceae, promotes the restoration of intestinal eubiosis, does not allow the development of superinfection of a bacterial nature when a person is infected with enterotropic viruses. The drug prevents the synthesis of proteins in pathogenic bacteria, due to which a therapeutic effect is achieved.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug, after oral administration, is not absorbed in the digestive tract; it begins to act after entering the intestinal lumen. It is excreted through the digestive tract by 100%. The rate of elimination depends on the dose taken.

Application during pregnancy. Treatment of pregnant women is possible, provided that the benefits of taking the drug outweigh all possible risks.

Contraindications for use:

• Hypersensitivity to drug components.
• Fructose intolerance.
• Glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome and sucrose (isomaltose) deficiency.

Side effects. Allergic reactions, nausea and vomiting are possible.

Method of administration and dosage. 2 capsules four times a day, adults and children after 7 years (for a dosage of 100 mg capsules). 1 capsule 4 times a day, adults and children after 7 years (for a dosage of 200 mg capsules). 1 capsule 3 times a day for children from 3 to 7 years old (for a dosage of 200 mg capsules). The course of treatment should not last more than a week.

Overdose. Overdose cases are not known, therefore, if the dose is exceeded, gastric lavage and symptomatic treatment are recommended.

Interaction with other drugs. The drug does not interact with other drugs.

Levomycetin

Levomycetin is an antibacterial drug with a wide spectrum of action.

Pharmacodynamics. The drug interferes with the synthesis of protein in bacterial cells. Effective against pathogenic microorganisms resistant to tetracycline, penicillin and sulfonamides. The drug has a detrimental effect on gram-positive and gram-negative microbes. It is prescribed for the treatment of meningococcal infections, with dysentery, typhoid fever and with other strains of bacteria affecting the human body.

The drug is not effective against acid-resistant bacteria, the genus Clostridia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, some types of staphylococci and protozoa fungi. Resistance to Levomycetin in bacteria develops slowly.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug has a high bioavailability, which is 80%.

The absorption of the drug is 90%. Communication with plasma proteins - 50-60% (for premature newborns - 32%).

The maximum concentration of the drug in the blood is reached 1-3 hours after administration and lasts for 4-5 hours.

The drug quickly penetrates into all tissues and biological fluids, concentrating in the liver and kidneys. About 30% of the drug is found in bile.

The drug is able to overcome the placental barrier, the fetal blood serum contains about 30-50% of the total amount of the substance taken by the mother. The drug is found in breast milk.

Metabolized by the liver (over 90%). Hydrolysis of the drug with the formation of inactive metabolites occurs in the intestine. It is excreted from the body after 48 hours, mainly by the kidneys (up to 90%).

Application during pregnancy. During pregnancy and during lactation, the drug is not prescribed.

Contraindications for use. Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug and to azidamphenicol, thiamphenicol.

• Hematopoietic dysfunction.
• Diseases of the liver and kidneys, with a severe course.
• Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
• Fungal skin diseases, eczema, psoriasis, porphyria.
• Age under 3 years old.
• SARS and tonsillitis.

Side effects. Nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, glossitis, enterocolitis, dyspeptic disorders. With prolonged use of the drug, enterocolitis may develop, which requires its immediate cancellation.

• Anemia, agranulocytosis, leukopenia, thrombopenia, collapse, blood pressure surges, pancytopenia, erythrocytopenia, granulocytopenia.
• Headache, dizziness, encephalopathy, confusion, hallucinations, taste disturbances, disturbances in the functioning of the organs of vision and hearing, increased fatigue.
• Allergic manifestations.
• Fever, dermatitis, cardiovascular collapse, Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.

Method of administration and dosage. The tablet is not chewed, it is taken whole with water. It is best to take the medicine 30 minutes before meals. The dose and duration of the course is determined by the doctor, based on the individual characteristics of the course of the disease. A single dose for adults is 250-500 ml, the frequency of administration is 3-4 times a day. The maximum dose of the drug that can be taken per day is 4 g.

Dosage for children:

• From 3 to 8 years old - 125 mg, 3 times a day.
• From 8 to 16 years old - 250 mg, 3-4 times a day.

The average duration of treatment is 7-10 days, maximum - two weeks. For children, the drug is administered only intramuscularly. To prepare the solution, the contents of the vial with Levomycetin are diluted in 2-3 ml of water for injection. It is possible to apply 2-3 ml of Novocaine solution in 0.25 or 0.5% concentration for anesthesia. The drug is injected slowly and deeply.

The maximum daily dose is 4 g.

Overdose. In case of an overdose, there is a blanching of the skin, a dysfunction of hematopoiesis, a sore throat, an increase in body temperature and an increase in other side effects. The drug must be completely canceled, the stomach should be flushed and enterosorbens should be prescribed. In parallel, symptomatic therapy is carried out.

Interaction with other drugs. Levomycetin is not prescribed simultaneously with sulfonamides, Ristomycin, Cimetidine, cytostatic drugs.

The inhibition of hematopoiesis leads to radiation therapy while taking Levomycetin.

The combination of the drug with Rifampicin, Phenobarbital, Rifabutin leads to a decrease in the concentration of chloramphenicol in the blood plasma.

The withdrawal period of the drug increases when combined with Paracetamol.

Levomycetin weakens the effect of taking contraceptive drugs.

The pharmacokinetics of drugs such as Tacrolimus, Cyclosporin, Phenytoin, Cyclophosphamide are disrupted when combined with Levomycetin.

There is a mutual weakening of the action of Levomycetin with Penicillin, cephalosporins, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Levorin and Nystatin.

The drug increases the toxicity of Cycloserine.

Tetracycline

Tetracycline is an antibacterial drug from the tetracyclines group.

Pharmacodynamics. The drug prevents the formation of new complexes between ribosomes and RNA. As a result, protein synthesis in bacterial cells becomes impossible, and they die. The drug is active against staphylococci, streptococci, listeria, clostridia, anthrax, etc. Tetracycline is used to get rid of whooping cough, hemophilic bacteria, E. coli, gonorrhea pathogens, shigella, plague bacillus. The drug effectively fights against pallidum, rickettsia, borrelia, cholera vibrio, etc. Tetracycline helps to get rid of some gonococci and staphylococci, which are resistant to penicillins. It can be used to eliminate chlamydia trachomatis, psitatsi and to fight dysentery amoeba.

The drug is not effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus and Serratia. Most viruses and fungi are resistant to it. Group A betalitic streptococcus is not susceptible to tetracycline.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug is absorbed in a volume of about 77%. If you take it with food, then this figure decreases. The connection with proteins is about 60%. After oral administration, the maximum concentration of the drug in the body will be observed after 2-3 hours, the level drops over the next 8 hours.

The highest content of the drug is observed in the kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen and lymph nodes. The drug in the blood is 5-10 times less than in bile. It is found in low doses in saliva, breast milk, thyroid and prostate glands. Tetracycline accumulates tumor tissues and bones. In people with diseases of the central nervous system during inflammation, the concentration of the substance in the cerebrospinal fluid is from 8 to 36% of the concentration in blood plasma. The drug easily crosses the placental barrier.

Minor metabolism of tetracycline occurs in the liver. During the first 12 hours, about 10-20% of the dose taken will be excreted with the help of the kidneys. Together with bile, about 5-10% of the drug enters the intestines, where some of it is reabsorbed and begins to circulate throughout the body. In general, about 20-50% of tetracycline is excreted with the help of the intestines. Hemodialysis helps little to remove it.

Application during pregnancy. The drug is not prescribed during pregnancy and lactation. It is capable of leading to severe damage to the bone tissue of the fetus and newborn child, and also enhances the photosensitivity reaction and contributes to the development of candidiasis.

Contraindications for use:

• Hypersensitivity to the drug.
• Renal failure
• Fungal diseases.
• Leukopenia.
• Age under 8.
• Liver dysfunction.
• Allergy tendency.

Side effects:

• Nausea and vomiting, dyspeptic disorders, impaired appetite, stomatitis, glossitis, proctitis, gastritis, hypertrophy of the papillae of the tongue, dysphagia, pancreatitis, intestinal dysbiosis, hepatotoxic effect, enterocolitis, increased activity of hepatic transaminases.
• Nephrotoxic effect, azotemia, hypercreatinemia.
• Headache, dizziness, increased intracranial pressure.
• Allergic reactions.
• Hemolytic anemia, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia.
• Application in early childhood leads to darkening of the tooth enamel.
• Candidiasis of the skin and mucous membranes, septicemia.
• Development of superinfection.
• Vitamin B hypovitaminosis.
• Increased levels of bilirubin in the body.

Method of administration and dosage. The drug is indicated for oral administration. The adult dose is 250 mg, taken every 6 hours. The maximum daily dose is 2 g.

Children over 7 years old are given 6.25-12.5 mg / kg of the drug every 12 hours. The drug must be taken with plenty of liquid.

In suspension, the drug is given to children at a dosage of 25-30 mg / kg per day, dividing the received dose by 4 times.

In syrup, the drug is given to adults at 17 ml per day, dividing this dose by 4 times. Children are prescribed 20-30 mg / kg of syrup per day, dividing this dose into 4 doses.

Overdose. In case of an overdose of the drug, all side effects increase, it is canceled, symptomatic treatment is carried out.

Interaction with other drugs. When taken simultaneously with indirect anticoagulants, their dosage is reduced.

The effect of cephalosporins and penicillins decreases when taken simultaneously with tetracycline.

The effectiveness of oral contraceptives with estrogen decreases, the risk of bleeding increases.

The absorption of the drug worsens while taking anthocyanins.

The concentration of the drug increases when taken simultaneously with Chymotrypsin.

Oletetrin

Oletetrin is an antibacterial drug with a broad spectrum of action. It contains two active components - tetracycline and oleandomycin.

Pharmacodynamics. The drug interferes with protein synthesis in bacterial cells, affecting the ribosomes of the cells. The mechanism is based on the impossibility of establishing peptide bonds with the subsequent formation of peptide chains.

The drug is effective against staphylococci, anthrax, streptococci, diphtheria bacillus, brucella, gonococci, haemophilus influenzae, spirochete, enterobacter, klebsiella, clostridia, whooping cough bacteria, chlamydia, ureaplasma, mycoplasma.

Bacterial resistance develops more slowly to Oletetrin than to a single-component drug.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug is absorbed in the intestine, after which it is quickly distributed to all tissues and body fluids. The maximum therapeutic concentration is achieved in a short time. The drug crosses the placental barrier without any problems and is present in breast milk.

Oletetrin is excreted by the kidneys and intestines, accumulates in tumors, in tooth enamel, in the liver, in the spleen. The drug has low toxicity.

Application during pregnancy. The drug is not prescribed during pregnancy and lactation. It negatively affects the bone tissue of the fetus and newborn child, promotes fatty liver infiltration.

Contraindications for use. Individual intolerance to the components of the drug and other tetracyclines.

• Disorders of the kidneys and liver.
• Leukopenia.
• Age under 12.
• Cardiovascular insufficiency.
• Deficiency in the body of vitamin B and K.

Do not prescribe the drug to people who need to maintain a high speed of psychomotor reactions.

Side effects:

• Nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, stool disturbances, abdominal pain, glossitis, esophagitis, dysphagia.
• Headache, dizziness, increased fatigue.
• Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, hemolytic anemia.
• Allergic reactions.
• Mucosal candidiasis, dysbiosis, vitamin K and B deficiency.
• Application in childhood leads to darkening of the tooth enamel.

Method of administration and dosage. The drug is taken orally, 30 minutes before meals, with plenty of water. The capsules are swallowed whole. Dose for adults - 1 capsule, 4 times a day. The maximum daily dose is 8 capsules. The course of treatment is 5-10 days.

Overdose. In case of an overdose of the drug, its side effects increase. There is no antidote, so symptomatic treatment is carried out.

Interaction with other drugs. Do not drink the drug with milk. Do not prescribe it simultaneously with calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum preparations, with Colestipol and Cholestyramine and with other antibiotics.

An increase in intracranial pressure occurs when taken simultaneously with Retinol.

When the drug is combined with antithrombotic agents and with oral contraceptives, their effect is weakened.

Polymyxin-B Sulfate

Polymyxin-B sulfate is an antibacterial drug from the group of polymyxins.

Pharmacodynamics. The drug is active against gram-negative bacteria, including: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Brucella, Haemophilus influenzae.

Resistant to the drug proteus, gram-positive bacteria and microorganisms. It does not work against bacteria that can invade cells.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug is poorly absorbed in the digestive tract and is excreted in significant quantities with feces in its original form. However, the concentration that is created in the body is sufficient to provide a therapeutic effect against intestinal infections.

The drug is not found in blood, biological fluids and tissues. It is practically not used in modern therapeutic practice due to its high toxicity to the kidneys.

Application during pregnancy. Can be used in pregnant women for emergency, life-threatening indications. However, its use during pregnancy and lactation is not recommended.

Contraindications for use:

• Disruption of the kidneys.
• Myasthenia gravis.
• Hypersensitivity to the drug.
• Propensity to develop allergies.

Side effects:

• Renal tubular necrosis, azotemia, albuminuria, proteinuria.
• Respiratory muscle paralysis, apnea.
• Abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite.
• Dizziness, ataxia, drowsiness, paresthesia and other disorders of the nervous system.
• Allergic reactions.
• Visual impairment.
• Candidiasis, development of superinfection.
• With local administration, soreness at the injection site, the development of phlebitis, thrombophlebitis and periphlebitis is possible.
• Meningeal symptoms can occur with intrathecal administration.

Method of administration and dosage. Intramuscular (0.5-0.7 mg / kg body weight, 4 times a day for adults, 0.3-0.6 mg / kg body weight, 3-4 times a day for children) and intravenous administration of the drug is possible only in a hospital …

For intravenous administration to adult patients, 25-50 mg of the drug is diluted in a glucose solution (200-300 ml). Children are diluted with 0.3-0.6 mg of the drug in a glucose solution (30-100 ml). The maximum daily dose for an adult is 150 mg.

For oral administration, an aqueous solution of the drug is used. Adults are prescribed 0.1 g every 6 hours, children 0.004 g / kg of body weight, 3 times a day.

The treatment continues for 5-7 days.

Overdose. There are no data on cases of overdose.

Interaction with other drugs. Taking the drug leads to the development of the following effects:

The effect of Chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Carbenicillin is enhanced.

Do not prescribe in conjunction with curariform and curarepotentiating drugs, as well as aminoglycosides.

The concentration of Heparin in the blood decreases.

The drug should not be administered simultaneously with Ampicillin, Levomycetin, cephalosporins, sodium salts and other antibacterial drugs.

Polymyxin-m sulfate

Polymyxin-m sulfate is an antibacterial drug from the polymyxin group. Sulfate is produced by various types of soil bacteria.

Pharmacodynamics. The antibacterial effect is achieved by disrupting the bacterial membrane.

The drug is active against gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli and dysentery bacillus, paratyphoid A and B, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and typhoid fever bacteria. Does not work against staphylococci and streptococci, against the causative agents of meningitis and gonorrhea. Does not have a detrimental effect on Proteus, tuberculosis bacteria, fungi and diphtheria bacillus.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug is practically not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, most of it is excreted along with the feces in an unchanged form. Therefore, it is used only for the treatment of intestinal infections. Parenteral administration is not practiced, since the drug is toxic to the kidneys and the nervous system.

Application during pregnancy. The drug is contraindicated during pregnancy.

Contraindications for use. Individual intolerance to the active substances that make up the drug.

• Disorders in the liver.
• Organic damage to the kidneys, disorders in their functioning.

Side effects:

• Changes in the renal parenchyma are observed with prolonged use of the drug.
• Allergic reactions.

Method of administration and dosage. Dosage for adults 500 ml - 1 g, 4 - 6 times a day. Maximum per day - 2-3 g.

Dosage for children:

• 100 ml / kg body weight, divided into 3-4 doses - at the age of 3-4 years.
• 1.4 g per day - at the age of 5-7 years.
• 1.6 g per day - at the age of 8-10 years.
• 2 g per day - at the age of 11-14 years.

The course of treatment is 5-10 days.

Overdose. No data.

Interaction with other drugs. The drug is not compatible with a solution of Ampicillin, Tetracycline, sodium salt, Levomycetin, with cephalosporins, with isotonic sodium chloride solution, with amino acid solutions, with heparin.

The nephrotoxicity of the drug increases when taken simultaneously with aminoglycosides.

The activity of the drug is enhanced when administered simultaneously with Erythromycin.

Streptomycin sulfate

Streptomycin sulfate is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug. Belongs to the aminoglycoside group.

Pharmacodynamics. The drug stops protein synthesis in bacterial cells.

The drug is active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Klebsiella, Gonococcus, Plague bacillus and some other Gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus and corynebacteria are sensitive to the drug. Enterobacter and streptococci are less susceptible to it.

Anaerobic bacteria, proteus, rickettsia, spirochete and pseudomonas aeruginosis do not react at all to streptomycin sulfate.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug for the treatment of intestinal infections is administered parenterally, since it is practically not absorbed in the intestine.

When injected intramuscularly, the drug quickly penetrates into the blood plasma and after 1-2 hours maximum concentrations are created in it. After a single injection, the average therapeutic values of Streptomycin in the blood will be observed after 6-8 hours.

The drug accumulates in the liver, kidneys, lungs, and extracellular fluids. It crosses the placental barrier and is found in breast milk.

Streptomycin is excreted by the kidneys, the half-life is 2-4 hours. In case of impaired renal function, the concentration of the drug in the body increases. This threatens to increase side effects and neurotoxicity.

Application during pregnancy. It is possible to use the drug for vital indications. There is evidence of the development of deafness in children whose mothers took the drug during pregnancy. Also, the drug has an ototoxic and nephrotoxic effect on the fetus. When taking the drug during lactation, a violation of the intestinal microflora in a child is possible. Therefore, it is recommended to refuse breastfeeding for the period of treatment with Streptomycin.

Contraindications for use:

• Terminal stage of cardiovascular failure.
• Severe renal failure.
• Disturbances in the functioning of the auditory and vestibular apparatus against the background of inflammation of 8 pairs of cranial nerves, or against the background of otoneuritis.
• Violation of the blood supply to the brain.
• Obliterating endarteritis.
• Hypersensitivity to the drug.
• Myasthenia gravis.

Side effects:

• Medicinal fever.
• Allergic reactions.
• Headache and dizziness, paresthesia.
• Increased heart rate.
• Diarrhea.
• Hematuria, detection of protein in the urine.
• Deafness occurs with prolonged use of the drug. Other complications are possible against the background of damage to 8 pairs of cranial nerves. If hearing impairment occurs, the drug is canceled.
• With parenteral administration, respiratory arrest is possible, especially in patients with myasthenia gravis or other neuromuscular diseases in history.
• Aponoe.

Method of administration and dosage:

• For intramuscular administration use 50 mg-1 g. The maximum daily dose is 2 g.
• Adults weighing less than 50 kg or people over 60 years of age are prescribed no more than 75 mg of the drug per day.
• For children, the maximum single dose is 25 mg / kg body weight. Children do not receive more than 0.5 g of the drug per day, and adolescents do not receive more than 1 g of the drug.
• The daily dose must be divided by 4 times. The temporary break should be 6-8 hours. The course of treatment lasts 7-10 days.

Overdose. An overdose of the drug threatens respiratory arrest and depression of the central nervous system, coma is possible. To relieve these conditions, intravenous administration of a solution of calcium chloride will be required, Neostigmine methyl sulfate is injected subcutaneously. In parallel, symptomatic therapy is carried out, artificial ventilation of the lungs is possible.

Interaction with other drugs. Simultaneous administration with other antibiotics (Clarithromycin, Ristomycin, Monomycin, Gentamicin, Florimycin), as well as with Furosemide and other curariform drugs is prohibited.

Do not mix the drug in one syringe with penicillins, cephalosporins and Heparin.

All NSAIDs contribute to the slow elimination of the drug.

An increase in toxic effects occurs when taken simultaneously with Indomethacin, Gentametacin, Monomycin, Methylmecin, Torbamycin, Amikacin.

The drug is not compatible with Ethacrynic acid, Vancomycin, Methoxyflurane, Amphotericin B, Viomycin, Polimikmin B-sulfate, Furosemide.

An increase in neuromuscular blockade occurs with the simultaneous use of inhalation anesthesia with Methoxyflurane, with opioids, with curariform drugs, with Magnesium sulfate, with polymyxins.

There is a decrease in the effect of taking anti-myasthenic group drugs while taking them with Streptomycin.

Neomycin sulfate

Neomycin sulfate is an antibacterial drug with a wide spectrum of action and belongs to the aminoglycoside group.

Pharmacodynamics. The drug combines neomycins A, B, C, which are the waste product of one of the types of radiant fungus. After entering the human body, the drug begins to affect the cellular ribosomes of the bacteria, which prevents further protein synthesis in them and leads to the death of the pathogenic cell.

The drug is active against Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Shigella, Streptococcus aureus, Pneumococcus, as well as against other types of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

Resistant to the drug are mycotic microorganisms, viruses, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, anaerobic bacteria, streptococci. Resistance develops slowly.

The drug acts only on the intestinal flora. Cross-resistance is observed with the drugs Framycetin, Kanamycin, Paromomycin.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug is poorly absorbed in the intestine, about 97% is excreted unchanged in feces. If the intestinal mucous membranes are damaged or inflamed, then the drug is absorbed in greater quantities. The concentration of the drug in the body increases with cirrhosis of the liver, it can penetrate through wounds, through inflamed skin, through the respiratory system.

The drug is excreted by the kidneys unchanged. The half-life of the substance is 2-3 hours.

Application during pregnancy. The drug can be used during pregnancy for vital reasons. There are no data on its use during breastfeeding.

Contraindications for use:

• Nephritis, nephrosis.
• Diseases of the auditory nerve.
• Propensity for allergic reactions.

Side effects:

• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
• Allergic reactions.
• Deterioration of auditory perception.
• Phenomena of nephrotoxicity.
• Candidiasis of the skin and mucous membranes.
• Noise in ears.

Method of administration and dosage. A single dose for adults is 100-200 mg, the maximum daily dose is 4 mg.

The dose for children is 4 mg / kg of body weight, this dose should be divided by 2 times. A solution of the drug is prepared for infants. To do this, take 1 ml of liquid per 4 mg of the drug. For 1 kg of the child's weight, give 1 ml of solution.

The course of treatment is 5-7 days.

Overdose. There is a high probability of respiratory arrest in case of drug overdose. To relieve this condition, adults are injected with Proserin, calcium preparations. Before using Proserin, Atropine is administered intravenously. Children are shown only calcium supplements.

If the patient is unable to breathe on his own, he is connected to a ventilator. Perhaps the appointment of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis.

Interaction with other drugs. Enhances the effect of indirect anticoagulants.

Reduces the effect of fluorouracil, methotrexate, vitamin A and B12, oral contraceptives, cardiac glycosides.

Incompatible with Streptomycin, Monomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamycin and other nephro- and ototoxic antibacterial drugs.

An increase in side effects is observed when taken simultaneously with inhalation anesthetics, polymyxins, capreomycin and other aminoglycosides.

Monomycin

Monomycin is an antibacterial drug, a natural antibiotic aminoglycoside.

Pharmacodynamics. The drug is effective against staphylococci, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Friedlander's pneumobacillus, Proteus (some of its strains). Gram-positive bacteria are sensitive to Monomycin. Suppression of the activity of some Trichomonas, amoebas and toxoplasma is possible.

The drug has no effect on streptococci and pneumococci, on anaerobic microorganisms, viruses and fungi.

Pharmacokinetics. No more than 10-15% of the drug is absorbed in the intestine, the rest is excreted along with the feces. In the blood serum, no more than 2-3 mg / l of blood of the main active ingredient is found. No more than 1% of the dose taken is excreted in the urine.

When administered intramuscularly, the drug is absorbed faster, after 30-60 minutes its maximum concentration in the blood plasma is observed. The therapeutic concentration can be maintained in the body for 6-8 hours, regardless of the dose administered. The drug accumulates in the extracellular space, kidneys, spleen, gallbladder, and lungs. It is found in small amounts in the liver, myocardium and other tissues.

The drug easily overcomes the placental barrier, does not transform and is excreted from the body unchanged. Since its concentration is especially high in the feces, it is prescribed for intestinal infections. After parenteral administration, the drug is excreted by the kidneys (about 60%).

Application during pregnancy. The drug is contraindicated during pregnancy.

Contraindications for use:

• Degenerative diseases of the liver and kidneys.
• Acoustic neuritis.
• Propensity for allergic reactions.

Side effects:

• Inflammation of the auditory nerve.
• Disorders of the kidneys.
• Dyspeptic symptoms.
• Allergic reactions.

Method of administration and dosage. The dose for adults with the oral route of administration is 220 mg, 4 times a day. Children are prescribed 25 mg / kg of body weight, dividing this dose into 3 doses.

With the intramuscular route of administration, adults are prescribed 250 mg of the drug, 3 times a day. Children at 4-5 mg / kg body weight, divided by 3 times.

Overdose. In case of an overdose, all the side effects of the drug are enhanced. The patient is prescribed symptomatic therapy, anticholinesterase drugs are used. Artificial lung ventilation is possible.

Interaction with other drugs. The drug is not prescribed with antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group, with cephalosporins and polymyxins.

The drug is incompatible with curariform agents.

Can be administered with Levorin and Nystatin.

Rules for the use of antibiotics for colitis

The rules for the use of antibiotics for colitis are as follows:

• It is necessary to take Nystatin 500,000-1,000,000 IU every day, which allows you to maintain the intestinal microflora normal. Nystatin can be replaced with Colibacterin (100-200 g, 2 times a day, half an hour after meals).
• If diarrhea occurs, if breathing is disturbed, if you feel dizzy, if you experience joint pain while taking antibiotics, you should immediately consult a doctor.
• Swelling of the lips or throat, the development of bleeding when taking antibiotics - all these conditions require calling an ambulance.
• It is necessary to inform the doctor about taking any medications if he prescribes antibiotics for the treatment of colitis. This must be done in order to avoid negative effects in drug interactions.
• Antibiotics are most often not used to treat ulcerative colitis, however, a doctor may prescribe these drugs if other treatments are ineffective.
• If colitis is caused by prolonged use of antibiotics, then the drugs are immediately canceled, and the patient is prescribed long-term rehabilitation with mandatory measures to restore the intestinal microflora.

Antibiotics for colitis are prescribed only when the disease is caused by an infection. They are also used to treat bacterial complications of intestinal inflammation. Self-medication of colitis with antibiotics is unacceptable.

The author of the article: Gorshenina Elena Ivanovna | Gastroenterologist

Education: Diploma in the specialty "General Medicine" received at the Russian State Medical University named after N. I. Pirogova (2005). Postgraduate studies in the specialty "Gastroenterology" - educational and scientific medical center.